Control System Engineering Ganesh Rao.pdf. 267 Electrical substation engineering & practice Rao, S 1 3 268 Electrical System Design Giridharan M K 6. 269 Electrical substation engineering & practice Rao. Electrical power supply and distribution. Electrical Substation Engineering and Practice EHV- AC, HVDC and SF - GIS; Principles, Practice, Design and Reference Data 8th Reprint : Printsasia. Publisher: Khanna Publishers. Published In: 2. 00. ISBN- 1. 0: 8. 17. ISBN- 1. 3: 9. 78. Binding Type: Paperback. Weight: 1. 3. 6 lbs. Pages: pp. This book was published in the year 2. The ISBN number 8. We have about 4. 38 other great books from this publisher. Electrical Substation Engineering and Practice EHV- AC, HVDC and SF - GIS; Principles, Practice, Design and Reference Data 8th Reprint is currently Not Available with us. You can enquire about this book and we will let you know the availability. This Book covers several useful aspects regarding the Principals design aspects, practical aspects installation, testing and commissioning of EHV- AC, HVDC and SF Gas Insulated substations. The vast data has been presented in a systematic manner along with illustrations, reference tables, specifications, ratings, product and plant description etc. Each substation is tailor- made for particular specifications, terms and conditions, the guidelines for substation design have been evolved by CIGRE working groups and relevant International and National Standards. This book Outlines the basic procedures and will serve as a useful reference book for Substation Designers, Project Managers and Operation & Maintenance Staff. It covers every practical topic from conceptual design, installation, commissioning, to operation and maintenance. Every major substation equipment including Power ^Transformers, SF Breakers, Electrical Auxiliaries & subsystems etc. ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION : 1. Functions of a Substation. Substation Layouts, Busbar Schemes. Voltage Levels in AC Substations and HVDC Substations. Types of Substations. Essential Features of a Substation. Substation Equipment. Substation Earthing System : (Grounding System)9. Insulation Co- ordination and Surge Arresters. Protective Systems in Substations. Clearances (Insulation Distance) and Creepage Distance (Leakage Distance)1. Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)1. Substation Structures. Busbar design, Clamps and Connectors. Special Requirements of EHV AC Substations and HVDC Substations. Voltage Control Equipment and Reactive Power Compensation Equipment in Substation. Testing and Commissioning at Site. Operation and Control. Protection, Monitoring and Control by Microprocessors and Computers. Scope of the Subject. II. SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT : 1. Electrical Equipment in the Main Current. Isolators and Earthing Switches. Current Transformers and Voltage Transformers. Rated Characteristics of VT's. Surge Arresters (Lightning Arresters)III. TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS AND TRANSFORMER SUBSTATIONS : 1. Classification of Substations. Classification Based on Configuration. Classification of Indoor and Outdoor. Classification Based on Application. Specifications of a Substation. Transformer Substation. Roads and Route for Transportation. Connections between Transformer and Busbars on HV and LV Sides. Surge Arrester Protection of Transformers. Power Transformer Connections in the Unit System of Generator Connections. Scheme Employing Generator Circuit- Breakers. Auxiliary Power Transformers. Isolated Phase Bus- ducts for Connections between Generator and Main Transformer and Unit Auxiliary Transformer. VI. BUSBAR SYSTEMS AND LAYOUTS : 1. Configuration Concept. Requirements of a Busbar System. Technical Requirements. Busbar Systems (Busbar Layouts)6. Single Busbar Scheme. Single Sectionalized Busbar. Double Busbar Scheme (Duplicate Bus)9. Duplicate Bus Scheme with Double Circuit- breaker. Breaker and a Half Schema (1 1/2 Breaker Scheme)1. Duplicate Bus and a Transfer Bus : (Two Main and One Transfer Bus)1. Ring Bus (Mesh Scheme)1. Three Switch Busbar System for a Through Feeder. Basis of Comparison of Busbar Schemes. Use of Load Break Switches. Outage- Possibility Factor (OPF)1. Selection of Busbar Schemes. Recommended Busbar System. Busbar System not Preferred for Large Substations. Evaluation of Outage Possibility Factor (OPF)2. Layout of Indoor Metal- clad Switchgear Substations. PRINCIPLE OF SUBSTATION DESIGN : 1. Terms and Definitions. Stresses on Substation Equipment. Clearance (Insulating Distances)5. Developing a Substation Layout. VI. SUBSTATION STRUCTURES : 1. Materials for Construction of Structures. Galvanised Steel Structures. Galvanishing and Painting. Main Factors in Desiging Support Structures. VII. BUSBARS, CONNECTORS AND CLAMPS : 1. Configuration of Busbars in Outdoor Substation. Clamp and Connectors. Design Considerations for Clamp and Connectors. VIII. Steps in Busbar Design. Materials for Busbars. Current Carrying Capacity. Temperature Rise During Short Circuit Conditions. Force Between Main Conductors due to Short Circuit Current. Bending Load on Insulators. Spacing of Support Insulators. Insulation Requirements of Busbars. Clearances between Phase and between Phase and Earth. Types pf Insulators Used in Substations. Leakage Distance or Creepage Distance. Corona Rings (Voltage Grading Rings)6. Disc Insulators for Insulator Strings, Strain Insulators, Suspenion Insulators. Special Features of EHV- AC Insulator Strings. Solid- core Insulators. Hollow Porcelains for Apparatus (Bushing Type)1. Special Features for HVDC String Insulators. Testing of Insulators. Special Features for Insulators in SF6 Gas Insulated Substations. X. INSULATION CO- ORDINATION AND SURGE ARRESTERS : 1. Overvoltages and their Significance. Standard Voltage Levels. Insulation Level of an Equipment. Insulation Co- ordination of a Substation. Terms and Definitions. Lighting Overvoltages and Protection of Substation Equipment. Switching Overvoltages and Protection of Substation Equipment. Switching Overvoltages is EHV Substations. Switching Overvoltage Factor. Switching Overvoltage in Medium Voltage Substations. Surge Arresters (Lightning Arrester)1. Rated Voltage of Surge Arrester. Ratings of Surge Arrester. Calculation of Discharge Current for Shielded Substations. Installation as Surge Arresters. Protection of Substation Transformers by Surge Arresters. Overhead Shielding Screen. Insulation Coordination between New Zn. O Arresters and Old Gapped Sic Arresters in Adjucent Substations. XI. SUBSTATION EARTHING SYSTEMS : 1. Functional Requirements of Earthing System. Description of an Earthing System. Equipment Earthing (Body Earthing)5. Neutral Point Earthing. Substation Earthing System. Dimensioning of Earth Conductors. Step Pontential and Touch Potential. Resistance of Earthing System. Values of Soil Resistivity. Procedure of Laying Earthing- Mat. Measurement of Earthing Resistance. XII. FIRE- FIGHTING SYSTEMS IN SUBSTATIONS : 1. The System Desciption. Transformer Water Spray System. Precautions Against Starting of Fire. Protection Against Spreading of Fire. Oil Sump for Transformers and Reactors. XIII. POWER CABLES AND CONTROL CABLES : 1. Types of Conventional Power Cables. Laying of Power Cables. Field Quality Tests on Power Cables. Principles of Control Cable Installation. The Sensitivity of Various Loads to Interference. Laying of Control Cables and Measuring Cables. Grounding of Cable Trays, Ducts. Protection of Static Relay Circuit and Control Circuits. Techniques of Protecting Sensitive Measuring, Protection and Control Equipment from Over- voltages. Pre- commissioning Checks. XIV. AUXILIARY SUPPLIES AND BATTERY SYSTEMS : 1. Source and Distribution System. Number of Battery Cells. Ampere Hour Capacity. Specifications of a Battery Systems. Battery- Room and Battery- charging System. PROTECTION, CONTROL AND AUTOMATION IN SUBSTATIONS : 1. Control Room and Control Panels. Protective Relaying in Substations. Power Transformer Protection. Protection of Transmission Lines. Carrier Assisted Distance Protection. Introduction to Substation Control. Programmable Equipment for Protective Relaying Measurements and Control (PPRMC)1. Microprocessor Based Relays & Integrated Protection, Control and Automation. Fault Dignostics, Expert Systems. XVI. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION AND TELECONTROL OF SUBSTATIONS : 1. Protection and Earthing of Coupling Equipment. Electronic Equipment. Applications of Power Line Carrier. Fibre Optic Data Transmission. XVII. SF6 GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS (CIS) AND GAS INSULATED CABLES (GIC) : 1. Application and Range of Ratings. Configuration of GIS6. Circuit Arrangements and Single Line Diagrams of GIS7. Earthing Switches in GIS9. Compressed Gas Insulated Cable (CGIC), Compressed SF6 Gas insulated Transmission Lines (CGIT) for EHV and UHV Power Transmission. Hybrid Substations. XVIII. Typical Bipolar HVDC Link. Layout of a HVDC Substation. Harmonic Filter Area. Converter- transformers. Valve Hall and Control Room. Breaker and Load- Break Switches. Operating Modes of HVDC Transmission System. Electrical and Mechanical Auxiliaries. Operating Principle of a HVDC Transmission Link. Control of a HVDC Link. Convertnor Characteristics. Converter Valves, Thyristors and their Functioning. Protection and Control in HVDC Substations. Surge Arrester Protection. Control of HVDC Tranmission System. Hierarchical Levels in Control System. Merits of HVDC Transmission System. HVDC Back- to- Back Coupling Stations. Power Flow Modulation for AC Network Damping. Load- Frequency Control. XIX. ENGINEERING ASPECTS Of EHV- AC SUBSTATION : 1. Busbars for Outdoor Yards. Corona Rings and Corona Bells. Mechanical Stresses and Factor of Safety for Support Insulators. Clamps and Connectors for EHV Conductors. Pollution Behaviour of Insulators. Station Earthing System. Compensation of Reactive power. Additional Compensating Equipments in EHV- AC Substations. Configuration of EHV- AC Transmission System. Electric Field at Working Level. PROJECT PLANNING INSTALLATION, COMMISSIONING AND SAFETY PROCEDURES : 1. Receiving and Storage at Site. Installation (Erection)7. Installtion of Earthing System. Erection of Yard Equipment. Installation of outdoor Circuit Breakers. Installation of Drawout Type Indoor Switchgear. Installation of Transformers. Drying of Electical Equipment. Measurement of Insulation Resistance and Polarisation Index of transformers.
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